Back Pain Doctor
Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI Syndrome)
FAI syndrome describes pain linked to contact between the femoral head-neck region and the rim of the hip socket during certain movements. The shape may be described as cam morphology on the femoral side, pincer morphology on the socket side, or a combination. These are descriptions of shape, not a diagnosis or proof of damage.
The Warwick Agreement international consensus states that FAI syndrome requires three elements: appropriate symptoms, positive clinical signs and imaging findings. This distinction matters because cam and pincer features are found in active people who have no hip pain. More recent consensus also recommends calling cam a “morphology”, not a deformity or lesion.
Start with a diagnosis-led rehabilitation trial
Assessment looks beyond the scan. It considers where the pain is felt, which movements reproduce it, hip strength and range, training load and competing explanations such as adductor-related groin pain, hip dysplasia, stress injury or hip osteoarthritis. X-rays are usually the first imaging test when FAI syndrome is suspected; MRI may be useful when labral, cartilage or another diagnosis needs clarification.
Non-surgical care combines education, temporary adjustment of provocative positions and a progressive program for hip and trunk strength, movement control and sport- or activity-specific capacity. The goal is not to force the hip repeatedly into a painful end range, nor to avoid flexion forever, but to build a workable range and enough capacity for the activities that matter.
Arthroscopic surgery is one accepted option, not the automatic next step after a scan. It may be discussed when symptoms remain important after an adequate rehabilitation trial and the clinical and imaging findings align. Decision-making should include the uncertainty around outcomes, the rehabilitation required after surgery and the person’s goals.
Common symptoms
- Deep groin or front-of-hip pain, sometimes felt at the side of the hip or buttock
- Pain with deep squatting, lunging, sitting low or bringing the knee towards the chest
- Pain or stiffness with pivoting, cutting, kicking or prolonged sitting
- Clicking, catching or a sense of restricted hip movement in some people
Commonly seen in
Evidence for twelve treatment options in femoroacetabular impingement (fai syndrome)
This is not a fixed ladder or a package of treatments. Every option is assessed independently against this diagnosis, including treatments with limited direct research that may still be reasonable for a clearly defined tissue target. The evidence level, likely benefit, risks, cost and alternatives are weighed at consultation.
Foundation — diagnosis, education and rehabilitation
The part of care with the broadest relevance. For many people it is enough on its own; other options are judged against it, not automatically added after it.
Diagnosis, education and progressive rehabilitation Working out what is driving the pain, explaining what your imaging does and does not mean, and building a graded loading plan you can actually follow. Core care
What it involves
Assessment to identify the likely pain source, an explanation of what the diagnosis means, adjustment of the loads that aggravate it, and a progressive strength and conditioning plan — with weight management where that is clinically relevant.
What the evidence shows
For degenerative structural problems, exercise matches surgery. A trial of 321 patients found exercise-based physiotherapy non-inferior to arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for knee function at five years, with the same rate of radiographic osteoarthritis progression (Noorduyn, JAMA Netw Open 2022), confirming an earlier trial at two years that also found better thigh strength in the exercise group (Kise, Br J Sports Med 2016). Even in adults aged 18 to 40 with MRI-verified tears, traumatic or not, early surgery was no better than twelve weeks of exercise and education at one year (Damsted, J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2024).
Pairing reviewed 2026-09-02.
Where it fits for you
A tear on a scan is not automatically the thing to fix. Rehabilitation comes first, with surgical review where the history, examination and imaging together point to a problem that loading will not solve — mechanical locking, instability, or a failure to progress despite doing the work.
Muscle and symptom-modifying options
Useful only when the examination identifies the tissue they target or when short-term pain control creates a useful rehabilitation window.
Wet needling and trigger point injection (trigger point injection) A fine needle into a tender band of muscle, with a small volume of dilute glucose solution injected through it. Only if relevant
What it involves
The needle is placed into the tender muscle band and a small volume of 5% glucose with 0.02-0.08% lignocaine is injected. Often done in the same visit as your assessment, and usable where the tender area sits deeper. Dry needling — the same technique with nothing injected — is not offered here.
What the evidence shows
Trigger-point injection reviews address confirmed myofascial pain and find heterogeneous, generally low-certainty results; they do not establish the technique as treatment for the underlying diagnosis. Condition reviewed: femoroacetabular impingement.
Evidence source: Debrosse et al., trigger-point injection systematic review (2022)
Pairing reviewed 2026-08-30.
Where it fits for you
For femoroacetabular impingement, this may be considered only when examination finds a separate tender muscle band reproducing part of the pain. It does not treat the primary pathology and is used to help movement or rehabilitation.
Ultrasound-guided injections Guidance means we can see the needle reach the target. What goes into the needle depends on the diagnosis. Worth discussing
What it involves
The injection is performed under ultrasound so the needle can be watched into the target structure. What is injected is decided by the diagnosis — and corticosteroid is used sparingly, for the reasons set out below.
What the evidence shows
Ultrasound improves needle-placement accuracy, but guidance is not a treatment in itself: benefit depends on a valid injectable target and what is injected. Condition reviewed: femoroacetabular impingement.
Evidence source: Oo et al., ultrasound-guided injection systematic review (2024)
Pairing reviewed 2026-08-30.
Where it fits for you
For femoroacetabular impingement, an ultrasound-guided injection is considered only when there is a specific diagnostic question or a separate joint, bursa, sheath or nerve target. The injectate and purpose are stated before treatment.
V-ACTOR vibration therapy (vibration therapy) Low-frequency vibration applied over tender muscle. Not a shockwave, despite sharing the machine. Plausible — no studies
What it involves
A vibration handpiece is moved over the tender muscle and fascia for a few minutes. It runs from the same STORZ MASTERPULS icon console as radial shockwave but is a separate handpiece delivering a different, gentler form of energy. No needles, no anaesthetic, no downtime.
What the evidence shows
No published clinical trial of this device in this condition. It is a vibration handpiece delivered from the same console as radial shockwave, and the rationale is myofascial rather than tendon- or bone-directed.
Pairing reviewed 2026-08-30.
Where it fits for you
A comfort measure used within a session where muscular tightness is limiting movement. Never the reason for the appointment, and not a substitute for the treatments that do have evidence.
Energy-based treatment options
Radial pressure wave, focused shockwave and EMTT have different targets and different evidence. They are assessed separately rather than treated as one category.
Radial or focused shockwave? Read the overviewRadial shockwave (radial pressure wave) Broad treatment across tender muscle and fascia, close to the surface. Only if relevant
What it involves
A handpiece is moved over the tender tissue while ballistic pressure pulses are delivered, using a transmitter head chosen for the tissue — including heads shaped for fascia and for the muscle either side of the spine. The pulse is strongest at the skin and weakens with depth, so this is mainly a myofascial treatment, though it can reach deeper in some areas. No anaesthetic, no downtime, usually a course of sessions about a week apart.
What the evidence shows
Shockwave reviews in myofascial pain report a possible benefit but mix protocols and often mix radial pressure wave with focused shockwave; that evidence cannot be transferred to the underlying diagnosis. Condition reviewed: femoroacetabular impingement.
Evidence source: Wu et al., shockwave for myofascial pain review (2022)
Pairing reviewed 2026-08-30.
Where it fits for you
For femoroacetabular impingement, radial pressure wave may be considered for a distinct superficial muscle or fascial component. It is not used as evidence of benefit for the primary diagnosis.
Focused shockwave (ESWT) A true shock wave converging at depth — for tendon, joint, ligament and bone. Only if relevant
What it involves
A focused system generates an acoustic shock wave that converges at a focal point set at a defined depth, concentrating the energy where the target is. This is the form we use for tendon, joint, ligament and bone. Typically four to six sessions about a week apart, no anaesthetic and no formal downtime.
What the evidence shows
A tear or structural problem where the decision is a loading or surgical one. No trial evidence for shockwave in the structural lesion itself.
Pairing reviewed 2026-08-30.
Where it fits for you
Considered only for a coexisting tendinopathy, not for the tear.
EMTT (magnetotransduction therapy) High-energy magnetic pulses applied over the area. Painless, no contact. Plausible — no studies
What it involves
You sit with the applicator positioned over the area for a short session. Painless, no gel or contact required, and usually delivered as a course — commonly alongside shockwave.
What the evidence shows
There are no published randomised trials of EMTT in this condition, or in any musculoskeletal condition, that we can point to. The supporting work is laboratory work: EMTT increased tenocyte proliferation, migration and collagen expression in cultured human tendon cells (Mancini, Int J Mol Sci 2025). The nearest human evidence for a related electromagnetic therapy is negative — a randomised trial of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy added to eccentric exercise for Achilles tendinopathy found no improvement in outcome scores or tendon neovascularity over eccentric exercise alone (Ko, Orthop J Sports Med 2024).
Pairing reviewed 2026-08-30.
Where it fits for you
Offered only as an adjunct alongside treatment that does have evidence, never as the plan itself, and only after that gap is explained. Much of the EMTT literature is manufacturer-affiliated, which is part of why we describe it this way.
Biologic and joint injection options
Each injection is assessed independently for the named diagnosis. Cost, uncertainty, likely benefit, risks and alternatives are part of the decision.
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) Your own blood, concentrated and injected under ultrasound guidance. Evidence mixed
What it involves
Blood is taken from your arm, spun to concentrate the platelets, and injected into the target under ultrasound guidance in the same appointment.
What the evidence shows
No direct controlled trial establishing PRP for this diagnosis was identified. Consensus guidance stresses that results are tissue- and preparation-specific and should not be extrapolated across conditions. Condition reviewed: femoroacetabular impingement.
Evidence source: AAPM&R consensus guidance on regenerative medicine (2026)
Pairing reviewed 2026-08-30.
Where it fits for you
For femoroacetabular impingement, PRP may be discussed after standard care where a persistent tissue target remains plausible, but the lack of direct evidence is part of consent and it is not presented as established treatment.
Prolotherapy (dextrose) A course of dextrose injections into and around the structure and its attachments. Plausible — no studies
What it involves
Hypertonic dextrose is injected at the tender ligament and tendon attachments, and into the joint where relevant, usually as a series of treatments a few weeks apart.
What the evidence shows
No direct controlled trial establishing prolotherapy for this diagnosis was identified. The broader connective-tissue review found insufficient evidence overall, with substantial variation by site and comparator. Condition reviewed: femoroacetabular impingement.
Evidence source: Sit et al., dextrose prolotherapy systematic review (2020)
Pairing reviewed 2026-08-30.
Where it fits for you
For femoroacetabular impingement, prolotherapy may be discussed for persistent connective-tissue pain after standard care, with the absence of direct evidence and the alternatives made explicit.
Viscosupplementation (hyaluronic acid) A gel-like injection into an arthritic joint. Widely used, and genuinely contested. Only if relevant
What it involves
One or a short series of hyaluronic acid injections into the joint under ultrasound guidance.
What the evidence shows
Hyaluronic acid evidence is concentrated in osteoarthritis—especially the knee—and remains contested; it cannot be extrapolated to a non-arthritic tissue or a different diagnosis. Condition reviewed: femoroacetabular impingement.
Evidence source: Pereira et al., large-trial injection review (2024)
Pairing reviewed 2026-08-30.
Where it fits for you
For femoroacetabular impingement, this is relevant only when a symptomatic arthritic peripheral joint is the actual target. It is not used for muscle, tendon, ligament, nerve, fracture or spinal pathology.
Nerve-targeted options
Relevant when examination identifies a superficial neuropathic pattern or a compressed peripheral nerve—not simply because pain is present.
Lyftogt perineural therapy (perineural injection therapy) A series of small dilute dextrose injections just under the skin, over tender superficial nerves. Only if relevant
What it involves
Small injections of low-concentration dextrose, usually 5%, placed just beneath the skin along tender superficial nerves. Given as a series of short sessions.
What the evidence shows
Perineural dextrose evidence is concentrated in diagnosed peripheral compression neuropathies, particularly the upper limb; no direct evidence was identified for this diagnosis itself. Condition reviewed: femoroacetabular impingement.
Evidence source: Perineural dextrose for upper-limb entrapment neuropathy review (2025)
Pairing reviewed 2026-08-30.
Where it fits for you
For femoroacetabular impingement, perineural treatment may be considered only if a separate superficial neuropathic pain pattern is found on examination. It is not treatment of the primary diagnosis.
Ultrasound-guided nerve hydrodissection Fluid placed around a nerve to free it from the surrounding tissue. Only if relevant
What it involves
Under ultrasound, fluid is placed in the plane around the nerve to separate it from the tissue that is tethering or compressing it.
What the evidence shows
Hydrodissection evidence is concentrated in ultrasound-confirmed peripheral nerve entrapment, especially carpal tunnel syndrome; no direct evidence was identified for this diagnosis itself. Condition reviewed: femoroacetabular impingement.
Evidence source: Buntragulpoontawee et al., hydrodissection injectate review (2021)
Pairing reviewed 2026-08-30.
Where it fits for you
For femoroacetabular impingement, hydrodissection may be considered only if ultrasound and examination identify a separate compressed or tethered peripheral nerve. It is not treatment of the primary diagnosis.
This is general information only and suitability is assessed individually. Treatments with limited or condition-dependent evidence may still be discussed, but only with clear explanation of the uncertainty, the expected benefit, risks, cost and alternatives. Red flags, progressive neurological symptoms or suspected serious pathology require a different pathway.
Every treatment above is described in full on the non-surgical treatments page, including what each one is used for and what the evidence supports. Ratings apply to the named diagnosis; an adjacent muscle, tendon, joint or nerve problem is assessed as a separate target.
Corticosteroid injection is reviewed separately for each diagnosis.
Cortisone reliably reduces pain in the short term, and that can be genuinely useful when pain is stopping you sleeping or moving enough to rehabilitate. Beyond that window the picture changes. Evidence in tendon problems suggests early relief can be followed by worse outcomes at a year than exercise alone, and repeated injections into a joint have been associated with cartilage loss. It does not repair anything.
So we do not build treatment plans around it. Where an injection is the right call, we review the specific diagnosis and target, discuss what is being injected and why, keep the number low, and pair it with the loading work that changes the longer-term course.
When we would still consider it
- Pain severe enough to block rehabilitation
- A clear inflammatory or bursal target on imaging
- A specific short-term goal — a trip, a procedure, a return to work
- Diagnostic use, where the response tells us where the pain is coming from
When a cortisone injection is worth doing, and when it is not
Other hip & pelvis conditions
Pain in the same area can come from more than one source, and the label matters less than what the examination and history point to. These are the other guides for this region.
Frequently asked questions
Does a cam or pincer shape mean I have FAI syndrome?
Can FAI syndrome improve without surgery?
When should hip arthroscopy be considered?
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